LAB 8: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Laboratory Experiment 8 - Human Physiology
8.1 Objectives
Upon completion of
the experiment, students should be able to:
1. Learn
the correct and proper method of handling dry spirometer and blood pressure
sensor.
2. Determine
the blood pressure and heart rate at different conditions.
3. Determine
the various respiratory volumes at different conditions.
8.2 Introduction
Physiology is the study of normal
function within living creatures. It is a sub-section of biology, covering a
range of topics that include organs, anatomy, cells, biological compounds, and
how they all interact to make life possible.
The study of physiology is, in a sense, the study of life. It asks questions about the internal workings of organisms and how they interact with the world around them.
Physiology tests how organs and systems within the body work, how they communicate, and how they combine their efforts to make conditions favorable for survival.
Human physiology, specifically, is often separated into subcategories; these topics cover a vast amount of information.
Researchers in the field can focus on anything from microscopic organelles in cell physiology up to more wide-ranging topics, such as ecophysiology, which looks at whole organisms and how they adapt to environments.
Materials
·
Blood pressure sensor
·
Cold water
·
Dry spirometer
8.3 Methodology
A. Blood pressure as a vital sign
1. The subject is to be seated quietly on a chair with his or her forearm
resting on a table surface. It is advisable that the person whom is to be
tested remain calm and static.
2. The blood pressure and the heart rate stated in the Blood Pressure sensor
is recorded in a table.
3. The blood pressure and heart rate of supine is recorded in a table.
4. Two persons in the group are required to climb up and down the stairs for
three times in five minutes. The blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) is
taken immediately and in every 1 minute up to 5 minutes. The readings are recorded
in a table.
5. Two persons in the group are required to place their hand (the one to
which the blood pressure sensor cuff is not attached) into a large container
filled with ice water. BP and HR readings are recorded every 30 seconds for 3
minutes.
B. Human respiratory volume
1.
Tidal Volume
(TV)
a. The spirometer dial is set at 0. A normal inspiration is taken followed
by placing the mouth over the mouth-piece and a normal expiration is exhaled
into the spirometer. One is required to make a conscious effort not to exceed
their normal value.
b. The amount exhale on the dial is recorded.
c. One’s respiratory rate per minute is to be counted by his or her lab
partner by counting the respiratory cycles for 1 minute while one is seated at
rest.
d. The tidal volume is multiplied by respiratory rate per minute to give the
resting respiratory minute volume.
2.
Expiratory
Reserve Volume (ERV)
a. The spirometer dial is set at 0.
b. After a normal expiration, the mouth is placed over the mouth-piece and
air is exhaled forcefully and as much as possible into the spirometer.
3.
Vital
Capacity (VC)
a. The spirometer dial is set at 0.
b. One is required to inhale as deeply as possible, followed by placing the
mouth over the mouth -piece and holding the nose and then, exhale into the
spirometer with maximal effort.
c. The measurement is repeated 3 times and the largest volume is recorded.
4.
Inspiratory
Reserve Volume (IRV) and Inspiration Capacity (IC)
a. The IRV and IC are calculated based on the 3 previous volume
measurements.
8.4 RESULTS
A. Blood pressure as a vital sign
Table 1: Blood pressure and heart rate
readings
Systolic Pressure (mmHg)
|
Diastolic Pressure (mmHg)
|
Mean arterial pressure
(mmHg)
|
Heart rate (beats/min)
|
|
Sitting on chair
|
112
|
70
|
84
|
83
|
Supine (laying on back)
|
105
|
65
|
78
|
77
|
Table 2: Blood pressure
and heart rate readings response to climb up & down stairs
Systolic
Pressure (mmHg)
|
Diastolic
Pressure (mmHg)
|
Mean
arterial pressure (mmHg)
|
Heart
rate (beats/min)
|
|
Min
1
|
200
|
130
|
153
|
98
|
Min
2
|
124
|
71
|
89
|
87
|
Min
3
|
70
|
53
|
58
|
74
|
Min
4
|
94
|
80
|
85
|
80
|
Min
5
|
93
|
57
|
69
|
75
|
Table
3: Blood pressure and heart rate readings response to cold water
Systolic
Pressure (mmHg)
|
Diastolic
Pressure (mmHg)
|
Mean
arterial pressure (mmHg)
|
Heart
rate (beats/min)
|
|
30
second
|
110
|
69
|
83
|
85
|
60
second
|
96
|
71
|
79
|
71
|
90
second
|
99
|
52
|
68
|
72
|
120
second
|
96
|
67
|
77
|
74
|
150
second
|
90
|
34
|
53
|
68
|
180
second
|
108
|
84
|
92
|
86
|
B. Human respiratory volume
Table 4: Respiratory
volumes
Respiratory
volumes
|
Value
(L)
|
Tidal volume (TV)
|
0.3
|
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
|
1.2
|
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
|
0.5
|
Residual Volume (RV)
|
1.1
|
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
|
3.1
|
Vital Capacity (VC)
|
2.0
|
Functional Residual Capacity (RFC)
|
1.6
|
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
|
1.5
|
8.5 DISCUSSION
It
is clearly observed that the blood pressure and heart rate of supine is lower
than the blood pressure and heart rate when sitting on chair. This phenomenon
shows that both blood pressure and heart rate are at normal rates where the
normal systolic blood pressure is below 120 and the normal diastolic pressure
is below 80 meanwhile the normal heart rate is between 60 to 100 pulse per
minute. As the whole body is at rest during supine, the blood pressure and
heart rate is relatively lower than the blood pressure and heart rate when
sitting on chair where only certain parts of the body is at rest. The heart
pumps at a lower rate when the body is at rest.
Next,
it is observed that the blood pressure and heart rate increased due to the
response to climbing up and down. The reading is taken immediately after
completing the action and every 1 minute after that. The blood pressure is at
its highest pressure right after completing the action and slowly decreases
until the 3rd minute. The blood pressure and returned normal after
that (4th and 5th minute). The blood pressure increased
at first as body cells need more oxygen when our body is active, therefore, our
heart pumps faster, resulting in higher blood pressure. It slowly decreases and
returned normal as our body is resting and return to its normal condition.
Collectively,
it is observed that the blood pressure is lower when human is exposed to cold
environment. The blood pressure is lower than during normal rest conditions
(sitting on chair and supine). This phenomenon is abnormal as blood pressure
should increase when the body is cold as blood vessels narrow during cold and
increase the blood pressure because pressure is needed to force blood through
narrowed veins and arteries.
The
following is the human respiratory volumes graph of a female group member:
Figure
1: Human respiratory volumes graph of a female
8.6 Conclusion
In conclusion, all the objectives of this experiment
are achieved. First, all the group members are
able to apply the correct and proper method of handling dry spirometer and
blood pressure sensor. Therefore, readings are recorded accurately. Another
objective that we have achieved is that we are able to determine the blood
pressure and heart rate at different conditions; i.e. at rest, active and
exposure on cold condition. With that, we also came up with explanation on how
the conditions affect our blood pressure and heart rate.
8.7 References
Sheps, S.G. (2019, Jan 9). Blood pressure: Is it affected by cold
weather?.Retrieved from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/expert-answers/blood-pressure/faq-20058250
Laskowski, E.R. (2018, Aug 29). Healthy Lifestyle Fitness. Retrieved
from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/expert-answers/heart-rate/faq-2005797
Comments
Post a Comment